Modern brazilian portuguese grammar a practical guide

CONTENTS Part B 27 Word order 27.1 Word order in statements 202 27.2 Word order in questions 203 27.3 Word order in indirect questions 203 202 28 Word formation 28.1 Diminutives 204 28.2 Augmentatives 206 28.3 The appreciative suffix -o 207 28.4 The depreciative suffix -eco 207 28.5 Verbal nouns ending in -ada/-ida 208 28.6 Instrumental nouns ending in -ada 208 28.7 Collective nouns ending in -ada 209 204 Functions I Social contact and communication strategies 29 Making social contacts 29.1 Greeting someone 215 29.2 Conveying greetings 216 29.3 Asking people how they are 217 29.4 Introducing yourself and others 218 29.5 Taking leave 220 29.6 Expressing wishes 221 29.7 Congratulating somebody 222 29.8 Using the phone 223 29.9 Writing letters 227 215 30 Basic strategies for communication 30.1 Attracting someone’s attention and responding to a call for attention 232 30.2 Starting up a conversation 233 30.3 Requesting repetition and responding 233 30.4 Making sure you understand and are understood 234 30.5 Signalling that you understand the speaker and are following what is being said 235 30.6 Asking how to pronounce or spell a word 236 30.7 Interrupting a speaker 236 30.8 Fillers 237 30.9 Changing the subject 239 30.10 Formal development of a topic 240 232 Giving and seeking factual information II 31 x 213 Asking questions and responding 31.1 Yes–no questions 245 31.2 Content questions 246 31.3 Follow-up questions 247 31.4 Rhetorical questions 247 31.5 Tag questions 248 243 245 CONTENTS 31.6 31.7 31.8 xi Negative questions 248 Polite questions 249 Other ways of answering questions 249 32 Negating 32.1 Negating adjectives 251 32.2 Negating nouns 252 32.3 Negating verbs 252 251 33 Reporting 33.1 Direct vs. indirect speech 253 33.2 Indirect speech 253 33.3 Reporting statements 254 33.4 Reporting questions 255 33.5 Reporting yes and no answers 255 33.6 Reporting commands and requests 256 253 34 Asking and giving personal information 34.1 Name 258 34.2 Nationality and place of origin 260 34.3 Marital status 260 34.4 Age 261 34.5 Date and place of birth 262 34.6 Occupation, status or rank, religious, political and other affiliations 263 258 35 Identifying people and things 35.1 Identifying yourself and others 265 35.2 Identifying things 266 265 36 Describing 36.1 Referring to a subject’s nature or identity 267 36.2 Enquiring about a subject’s nature or appearance 269 36.3 Describing a state or condition 270 36.4 Descriptions involving an unspoken comparison 271 36.5 Asking and saying what something is made of 271 36.6 Describing events 271 36.7 Describing facts or information 272 36.8 Describing a person’s character and attitude 272 36.9 Describing the weather 273 267 37 Making comparisons 37.1 Comparisons of inequality 275 37.2 Comparisons of equality 277 37.3 Comparing more than two objects 279 275 38 Expressing existence and availability 38.1 Asking and answering questions regarding existence 281 38.2 Describing facilities 283 38.3 Expressing availability 283 281 CONTENTS III 39 Expressing location and distance 39.1 Expressing location 285 39.2 Asking and saying where an event will take place or took place 287 39.3 Indicating precise location 288 39.4 Indicating distance 290 285 40 Expressing possessive relations 40.1 Expressing ownership and possession 292 40.2 Emphasizing possessive relations 295 40.3 Expressing possessive relations involving parts of the body, personal effects and close family members 296 40.4 Asking whose something is 296 40.5 Other ways of expressing possession 297 292 41 Expressing changes 41.1 Talking about changes of state and appearance 298 41.2 Talking about changes of status, nature and identity 301 41.3 Other verbs that express change 303 298 42 Expressing cause, effect and purpose 42.1 Enquiring about cause 304 42.2 Giving reasons and expressing relationships of cause and effect 305 42.3 Other ways of expressing relationships of cause and effect 307 42.4 Enquiring about purpose 309 42.5 Expressing purpose 310 304 Putting events into a wider context xii 313 43 Expressing knowledge 43.1 Expressing knowledge of a fact 315 43.2 Saying that one knows a person, a place or an object 316 43.3 Cases in which both saber and conhecer can be used with a difference of meaning 316 43.4 Expressing knowledge of a subject 317 43.5 Expressing knowledge of a language 317 43.6 Expressing knowledge of a skill 317 43.7 Getting to know, becoming acquainted with or meeting someone 317 43.8 Hearing or finding out about something 318 315 44 Remembering and forgetting 44.1 Remembering 319 44.2 Reminding 322 44.3 Forgetting 324 319 45 Expressing obligation and duty 45.1 Expressing obligation and duty with regard to oneself and others 326 45.2 Enquiring whether one is obliged to do something 328 45.3 Expressing obligation in an impersonal way 328 45.4 Other ways of expressing obligation and duty 329 45.5 Expressing unfulfilled obligation 329 326 CONTENTS IV 46 Expressing needs 46.1 Expressing needs with regard to oneself and others 331 46.2 Asking people about their needs 332 46.3 Expressing needs in an impersonal way 333 46.4 Expressing strong need 335 47 Expressing possibility and probability 336 47.1 Saying whether something is considered possible, probable or impossible 336 47.2 Enquiring whether something is considered possible or impossible 339 48 Expressing certainty and uncertainty 48.1 Saying how certain one is of something 341 48.2 Enquiring about certainty or uncertainty 343 341 49 Expressing supposition 49.1 Common expressions of supposition 345 345 50 Expressing conditions 50.1 Open conditions 348 50.2 Remote and unreal conditions 349 50.3 Unfulfilled conditions 350 50.4 Other conditional expressions 351 348 51 Expressing contrast or opposition 51.1 Common expressions of contrast or opposition 354 354 52 Expressing capability and incapability 359 52.1 Enquiring and making statements about capability or incapability 359 52.2 Enquiring and making statements about learned abilities 361 53 Seeking and giving permission 53.1 Seeking permission 362 53.2 Giving permission 364 53.3 Stating that permission is withheld 365 362 54 Asking and giving opinions 54.1 Asking someone’s opinion 367 54.2 Expressing opinions 369 54.3 Reporting on other people’s opinions 373 367 55 Expressing agreement, disagreement and indifference 55.1 Expressing agreement 374 55.2 Expressing disagreement 375 55.3 Asking about agreement and disagreement 376 55.4 Expressing indifference 377 374 Expressing emotional attitudes 56 xiii Expressing desires and preferences 56.1 Expressing desires 381 56.2 Enquiring about desires 384 331 379 381 CONTENTS 56.3 56.4 V Expressing preferences and enquiring about preferences 384 Expressing desires and preferences involving others 386 57 Expressing likes and dislikes 57.1 How to say you like or dislike someone or something 387 57.2 Enquiring about likes and dislikes 388 57.3 Other ways of expressing likes and dislikes 389 387 58 Expressing surprise 58.1 Set expressions 392 58.2 Expressing surprise with regard to someone or something 392 392 59 Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction 59.1 Expressing satisfaction 394 59.2 Expressing dissatisfaction 395 59.3 Enquiring about satisfaction or dissatisfaction 395 394 60 Expressing hope 60.1 Saying what one hopes or others hope to do 397 60.2 Expressing hope with regard to others 397 60.3 Expressing hope in response to a question or statement 398 397 61 Expressing sympathy 61.1 Saying one is sorry about something 400 61.2 Saying one is glad about something 402 400 62 Apologizing and expressing forgiveness 62.1 Apologizing 404 62.2 Expressing forgiveness 406 404 63 Expressing fear or worry 63.1 Common expressions of fear 407 63.2 Other ways of expressing fear 410 407 64 Expressing gratitude 64.1 Expressing gratitude 411 64.2 Responding to an expression of gratitude 413 411 The language of persuasion 415 65 Giving advice and making suggestions 65.1 Giving advice and making suggestions that do not involve the speaker 417 65.2 Suggesting a course of action involving the speaker 420 65.3 Asking for advice and suggestions 422 417 66 Making requests 66.1 Common expressions of request 424 424 67 Giving directions, instructions and orders 67.1 Giving directions and instructions 427 67.2 Giving orders 428 427 xiv CONTENTS 68 Making an offer or invitation and accepting or declining 68.1 Making an offer or invitation 430 68.2 Accepting or declining an offer or invitation 433 68.3 Enquiring whether an invitation is accepted or declined 434 Expressing temporal relations VI 435 69 Talking about the present 69.1 The present simple 437 69.2 The present continuous 438 69.3 Expressing habitual action with costumar + infinitive 439 69.4 Saying how long one has been doing something 439 437 70 Talking about the future 70.1 Talking about future events 442 70.2 Talking about scheduled events in the future 443 70.3 Talking about plans and intentions for the future 443 70.4 Expressing the future from a past perspective 445 70.5 Other ways of expressing the future 446 442 71 Talking about the past 71.1 Talking about events that are past and complete 447 71.2 Saying how long ago something happened 447 71.3 Talking about long-lasting past events 448 71.4 Talking about past events related to the present 448 71.5 Referring to a prolonged or repeated action that began in the past and is still in progress 449 71.6 Referring to the immediate past 449 71.7 Referring to actions and developments that have been happening in the recent past 450 71.8 Describing past states or actions in progress over an unspecified period of time 451 71.9 Talking about past habitual actions 451 71.10 Talking about actions that were taking place when something else happened 452 71.11 Talking about a past event or action that occurred before another past event or action 453 71.12 Referring to a prolonged or repeated action that began at an earlier time and was still in progress at a point in the past 453 447 Appendices Appendix I: Appendix II: Appendix III: Appendix IV: Appendix V: 454 Regular verb forms 454 Principal irregular verbs 455 Verbs with irregular past participles 457 Verbs with both a regular and an irregular past participle 457 Second person verb forms 458 Bibliography Index of words and topics xv 430 460 461